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Bibliografia
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FERRARRESE, Diritto sconfinato,2006
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FRIEDMAN, La società orizzontale,2002
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GARAPON, Des crimes qu’on ne peut ni punir ni pardoner,2002
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GARLAND, Pena e società moderna,1999
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Keywords
MULTICULTURALISM, CRIMINAL LAW

Multicultural societies and criminal law

Università degli Studi di Pavia
Abstract
The research focuses on the impact of multiculturalism on criminal law. This impact will be analyzed in a comparative view and will consider some of its most relevants forms and effects. An interdisciplinary research method will be followed. The task is to consider the evolution perspectives of criminal law in a modern multiethnic society. <<<

Principal Investigator
Cristina Claudia De Maglie Università degli Studi di PAVIA
Research Objectives
Multiculturalism requires important challenges for the traditional notion of public law, rooted on shared civic values and patterns of life. This phenomenon shows a clear and daily evidence of typical, global transformations.
The multiethnic composition of society induces to rethink political and social conditions and functions and to reconsider the strategies of democracy.
These problems become dramatic and critic when they deal with criminal law, “the long armed arm of the law”, that traditionally protects interests and values through the harshest legal methods. The target of this research is to define a sort of “new model” of criminal law, which should be based on the coexistence of different ethnic groups and on their different cultures.
On the astract point of view we can assume three, different patterns of criminal law for the s.c. cultural criminality:
a. an “assimilating or expelling model”, which ignores multicultural factors;
b. an “exasperated multicultural model”, in which criminal law surrenders in front of the different cultures and doesn’t insert them into western legal principles;
c. a “tempered model”, that is open to the cultural factor but pays attention to prevent inequalities and protects the main principles of criminal law.
Each pattern will be analyzed, testing benefits, costs and problems of application.
The task is high and deals with the “borders” that we can set to the greatest values of tolerance and solidarity.
The research will be completed with the publication of essays and books on the research topics and with the publication of the book “Multicultural Societies and Criminal Law”. Moreover a conference, where every unit of research illustrates its own results, will take place. <<<
Timescale
24 months
National and international background
Criminal law, as any other branch of contemporary Law, must deal with the social phenomena that are striking and transforming our society.
On one hand, the shift from the “society of certainty”, which is the laborious result of the nineteenth-century, to the “society of uncertainty” generates difficulties for the traditional principles of our legal culture: i. e. the conception of generality and the abstractness of norms, the concept of equality of rights, and so forth. The peculiarity of individuals emerges within the postmodern culture, and it becomes the main value with respect to the usual criteria applied to express the abstract rules.
On the other hand, globalization strongly presses for a cultural homogenization in the “horizontal society”, but it produces a huge counterthrust, the s. c. “localization” of cultural phenomena, i.e. the emphasis on local cultural phenomena. “Glocalization” involves many fundamental aspects of society and law.
Various phenomena with important consequences upon different criminal law aspects are inserted in this framework. These phenomena link each other, but it is worthy to consider them separately. The first one, that is characteristic of each economically advanced society, is the multiethnic social setting. Sometimes, as in Italy, the phenomenon started recently, with the escalation of the immigration. In other Countries, i.e. in France or in the U.K., this phenomenon started at the end of Colonial Empires. The United States remain anyway the most important archetype where consecutive migratory movements created a sort of “society of minorities”. After an abstract “melting pot” model, the s. c. “salad bowl” model took place, where each ingredient kept its own ethnic and cultural specificity. Afterwards, the s. c. “era of emphasis of the differences” led to the idea of the supremacy of the ethnic group and to the improvement of its culture. Multiculturalism, that dominates many perspectives of present-day analyses, is the most important sign of the new paradigm: it is not a homogeneous theory, because various and variable versions exist, but the multiculturalism is a necessary dimension for a substantial study of many social and juridical phenomena.
Multiculturalism is a complex challenge that regards different human, social, philosophic politic and juridical sciences with various intensities. The challenge concerns the question of the pluralism within the unity of the State, the issue of the relationship between universality and peculiarity, the matter of law as neutralization or increase in value of the differences.
The program of this research examines the impact of multiculturalism upon the criminal law. Deep cultural conflicts may emerge between the s. c. hosting system and the minority groups included in it. The Courts may face behaviors which are accepted, approved or eventually imposed by a specific ethnic culture. Nevertheless, these behaviors are criminally relevant in the hosting system. There are many examples of this cultural conflict, among which: polygamy and feminine genital mutilations that are considered as criminal offenses in Western system (i.e. 583 bis Italian criminal code); marriages - characteristic of some Asian cultures -between close relatives, which are considered as incest elsewhere; “wedding rituals” considered rape or kidnapping by western codes; initiation rituals including injuries on the face or on the body of minors and so forth.
The research scenario considered since now is wide, but lacks from methodological point of view. There are no integrated comparative studies that consider cultural conflicts in the most significant systems, checking whether the emersion of culturally oriented crimes induces literature, courts and lawgivers to develop a mature and sophisticated theories and to find out new solutions. Moreover, in Italy and abroad, there are no interdisciplinary analyses of the phenomenon, which are not limited to the use of traditional peculiar methods of criminal law and of the other legal sciences and that include also a sociological and anthropological perspective. Moreover, there is no inquiry on the techniques of mediation, as a strategy to solve cultural conflicts.
Finally, the Italian research lacks of a study on the co-ordination of legal services for the social and cultural integration of the immigrants. <<<