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Keywords
ENVIRONMENTAL MINERALOGY, MINE AREAS, HAZARDOUS ELEMENTS, ARSENIC, HEAVY METALS, SPECIATION, SURFACE COMPLEXATION, SORPTION, FE(III) AND AL OXYHYDROXIDES

Mineralogy of the phases responsible for mobilisation and segregation of contaminant elements in mine areas

Università degli Studi di Cagliari
Abstract
Contamination from “heavy metals” in active or dismantled mine areas is a serious environmental concern in Italy too, though limited to small parts of the territory. To know the physics, chemistry and biology of the weathering processes responsible of the phenomenon is of great help in foreseeing and controlling pollution. From these considerations we derived the final goal to which we intend to address this research program: to investigate the mechanisms of mobilisation-segregation of contaminants in depth in several Italian mine areas. The program is divided in two different themes on the basis of the contaminants: at one side arsenic, at the other side all these elements typical of polymetallic mineralisations. There are at least two common aspects to be considered in both themes: the role of iron oxyhydroxides in sinking both kinds of contaminants in a less or more stable form and the integrated use of innovative analytical instruments in investigating the reactions at the surface of the minerals. In addition to these common aspects to be considered the project includes some studies on the modalities of carbonates in solid phases or solution to modify the mobilisation of arsenic suggesting some ideas on new technologies in reducing the risk.The areas to be investigated by field studies are four in Sardinia: Baccu Locci, Furtei, Su Suergiu and Monte Ollasteddu (there only arsenic pollution will be considered); one in Eastern Liguria: the area surrounding the abandoned >>>

Principal Investigator
Luca Fanfani Università degli Studi di CAGLIARI
Research Objectives
As it is shown in 2.2 contamination from “heavy metals” in active or dismantled mine areas is a serious environmental concern in Italy too, though limited to small parts of the territory. These areas are well known but the simple establishment that some chemical parameters are out of the legal limits represents a scarce help in foreseeing the future developments of pollution and in taking up effective activities to reduce risks. From these considerations we derived the final goal to which we intend to address this research program: to investigate the mechanisms of mobilisation-segregation of contaminants in depth in several Italian mine areas. The two years duration and the supposed limited budget require a selection in the choice of the areas from the design of the project. As a consequence also the number of elements at the origin of the contamination processes to be investigated will be reduced. This does not imply to reduce the value of the project since the extent of the theme “chemical pollution in mine areas” does not allow a really full and in depth research anyway. Which arguments are leading us in delimiting the research? Firstly when looking at the contaminants we refer to the experience stored up by the three units (arsenic for unit I and unit III in Sardinia and Metalliferous Hills respectively; Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn and to a less extent As, Se, Cd and Ag for unit II at Libiola in Liguria). Looking at the processes we resolved to develop the research on: (i) the >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
Environmental studies linked to mine pollution have been recently described under the mineralogical aspect in a large number of papers in books and journals. As examples we mention chapter 7 by Jambor et al. in Vaughan and Wogelius, 2000 and twenty papers of the book edited by Jambor et al., 2003 and published by the Mineralogical Society of Canada.
Polymetallic mineralisations and their adjoining rocks represent a chemically complex geological system in which supergenic- and hypogenic-fluids trigger mineral reactions that may cause mobilisation of major, minor and trace elements; these elements may be dispersed in the environment or stored in authigenic secondary minerals.
The supergenic interactions between sulphide mineralisations and atmospheric agents cause, both in natural outcrops and in abandoned or active mining sites, a series of reactions that progressively involve the sulphides, the gangue and the host rock minerals. These processes are known as ARD (Acid Rock Drainage) and AMD (Acid Mine Drainage) processes because the main consequence produced by the sulphides alteration is the extreme acidification of the circulating solutions. Mineral alteration and water acidification also cause the mobilisation, transport and selective concentration of chemical elements (such as Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Pb) that may reach high level of contamination in water and soil systems.
As a consequence of these processes large >>>