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Bibliografia
Cipolli, F.; Gambardella, B.; Marini, L.; Ottonello, G.; Vetuschi Zuccolini, M.(2004) Geochemistry of high-pH waters from serpentinites of the Gruppo di Voltri (Genova, Italy) and reaction path modeling of CO2 sequestration in serpentinite aquifers. Applied Geochemistry, 19/5, 787-802
Dunsmore, H. E. (1992) A geological perspective on global warming and the possibility of carbon dioxide removal as calcium carbonate mineral. Energy Conversion and Management 33, 565-572.
Guthrie, G.D., Carey, J.W., Berrgfeld, D., Byer, D., Chipera, S., Ziock, H. & Lackner, K.S. (2001) Geochemical aspects of the carbonation of magnesium silicates in acqueous medium. Proc.First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration (Washington) Sess. 6C., 14 p.
Goff, F.& Lackner, K. S. (1998) Carbon dioxide sequestering using ultramafic rocks. Environmental Geosciences 5, 89-101.
Goldberg, P. & Walters, R. (2002) A program to develop CO2 sequestration via mineral carbonation. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Elsevier, London UK, (K2-1).
Hansen, L.D., Dipple, G.M., Gordon, T.M., Kellett, D.A (2005) Carbonated serpentinite (listwanite) at Atlin, British Columbia: a geological analogue to carbon dioxide sequestration. Can. Min., 43, 225-239.
Herzog, HPJ, Caldeira, KPJ, Reilly JPJ( 2003) An Issue of Permanence: Assessing the Effectiveness of Temporary Carbon Storage- Climatic Change, 59/3, 1480-1573
Herzog, H (2001) What future for carbon capture and sequestration? Environmental science & technology, 35, 125-154.
Hepple, R. P. & Benson, S. M.(2004) Geologic storage of carbon dioxide as a climate change mitigation strategy: performance requirements and the implications of surface seepage. Environmental Geology, 47/5, 576-585
Holloway S (2001) Storage of fossil fuel-derived carbon dioxide beneath the surface of the earth. In: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 26, 145-166.
Houghton Jt, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, Van Der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA (2001) climate change 2001: the scientific basis, Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Chambrige University Press, New York, NY, 881 pp Houghton Jt, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, Van Der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA (eds)
Keith DW (2000) Geoengineering the climate:history and prospect. In:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25, 245-284.
IEAGHG (2001) International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme. Putting carbon back in the ground, Cheltenham, UK. :http:// ieagreen.org.uk/capstorg.htm
Lackner, K.S. 2002 Carbonate chemistry for sequestering fossil carbon. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ, 27, 193-232.
Lackner, K.S., Wendt C., Butt, D.P., Joyce, E.L. & Sharp D.H. (1995) Carbon dioxide disposal in carbonate minerals. Energy 20, 1153-1170.
Liu, Z.& Zhao, J. (2000) Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink. Environmental Geology 39, 1053-1058.
McCarthy JJ, Canziani OF, Leary NA, Dokken DJ, White ks (eds) (2001) Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaption, and vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Chambrige University Press, New York, NY, 1032 pp
O’ Connor, W.K., Dahlin, D. C., Nilsen, D. N., Walters, R. P. & Turner, P. C. (2000) Carbon dioxide sequestration by direct mineral carbonation with carbonic acid. Proceedings, 25th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems, Coal Technology Association, Clearwater, Florida.
Nakicenovic N, Grubler A, Gaffin S, Tong Jung T, Kram T, Morita T, Pitcher H, Riahi K (2000) Special report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC). Chambrige University Press, New York, NY, 599 pp
NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory) 82001) Proocedings of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration. US Department of Energy, Washiingto, DC, May 14-17.
O’Connor, WK, Dahlin, D.C, Nilsen, DN Carbon (2001) Dioxide sequestration by direct mineral carbonation: results from recent studies and current. Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Washington, DC, May, - zeca.org
Seifritz, W. (1990) CO2 disposal by means of silicates. Nature 345, 486.
Yegulalp, T. M., Lackner, K. S. & Ziock, H. J. (2001) A review of emerging technologies for sustainable use of coal for power generation International journal of surface mining reclamation and environment 15, 52-68.
Wigley TML, Richels R, Edmonds JA (1996) Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Nature, 379, 240-243
Keywords
CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2 MITIGATION, AQUEOUS MINERAL CARBONATION, MAGNESIUM HYDRATED CARBONATES, NESQUEHONITE, HYDROMAGNESITE

Contribution to atmospheric CO2 mitigation at the point source

Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza"
Abstract
The constant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by human activities has to be reduced by developing methodologies to control this increase. Among the different approaches that can be implemented to have an effort on net CO2 emissions, the CO2 sequestration through mineral carbonation could play a main role.
The aim of the research program is to study the reactions of CO2 carbonation by the synthesis of magnesium hydrated carbonates (nesquehonite and hydromagnesite) using magnesium chloride.
The experimental work will be carried out according to two stages. During the first year, a set of tests will be aimed at studying the carbonation reactions, whereas in the second year a set of experiments will be focused on the collection of data for optimising the process design for its per-industrial development. The first set of experiments will be carried out under conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure following a process route suitable for industrial application. The synthesis of the carbonates will be executed sparging gaseous CO2 through magnesium chloride solutions while stirring and controlling pH. The second set of experiments will be carried out according to the above experimental procedure in reactors applying operating conditions up to 150°C and pCO2 20-30 bars. The mineralogical and chemical data of the products will be obtained by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and ICP-AES analyses. Some sample could also be analysed by EXAFS.
The >>>

Principal Investigator
Vincenzo Ferrini Università degli Studi di ROMA "La Sapienza"
Research Objectives
The research program is focused on the mineral carbonation of CO2 in aqueous solution. The program is being carried ut together with a research program of a research group of chemical engineering, which has the aim to obtain CO2-hydrates, an ice-like combination of CO2 and water. The disposal of CO2-hydrates in a geological environment is a main problem with long-term disposal, to solve which the present research group would contribute.
The dramatic and constant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution has caused concerns about global warming. The data on CO2 concentration show an approximate constant CO2 concentration of 280 ppm until 1800, when an increase began and the level reached about 380 ppm in 1999. Moreover, sustaining a growth in world energy consumption of 2.3% per annum with the current fossil fuel mix would drive total emissions to 2300 GtC for 100 years. Absorbing that amount of carbon by natural processes without environmental consequences is not possible. The atmosphere, biomass, soil and ocean are all limited in their uptake capacity.
There are different approaches that can be implemented in concert to have an effort on net CO2 emissions: a) energy consumption must be decreased by conservation and by improving the efficiency of energy utilization and conversion system; b) to switch to fuels that are less carbon-intensive and to expand power generation with renewable energy such as wind, solar, geothermal, etc.; c >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
The increasing concentration of “greenhouse gases”, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor, in the earth’s atmosphere has provoked the reactions of researchers to solve the over-emission of CO2. So in light of this problem many scientists have been testing several methodologies on sequestering carbon dioxide (e. g. Dunsmore 1992, Herzog 2001, Herzog et al. 2003, IEAGHG 2001, Yegulalp et al. 2001).
While the basic physics and principles of climate forcing are well established, forecasts of global climate evolution are highly uncertain. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from an estimated 180 ppm 25,000 years ago, during the most recent glacial maximum, to 280 ppm 200 years ago, to the current concentration of over 380 ppm (Houghton et al. 2001). In parallel with current scientific research is a diverse and evolving body of policy options for dealing with climate change through preventive, mitigation, remediation, and adaptive measures. In the long-term, fuel switching to lower or noncarbon fuels, hydrogen as an energy carrier, renewable sources of energy, efficiency improvements, and energy conservation are the most promising alternatives. Even under the most aggressive projections of technology development and progressive policy regimes, the transition from the current dependence on fossil fuels would take many decades or longer. Predicting the shift in energy usage is also complicated by the uncertain factors of population and >>>