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Keywords
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENESIS, INFLAMMATION, GALECTIN, CYTOKINES, ASCIDIANS, EVOLUTION, INNATE IMMUNITY, HEMOCYTE, EXPRESSION

Diverse lectin repertoires in protochordate models. Evolution of recognition and innate immunity mechanisms

Università degli Studi di Palermo
Abstract
Invertebrate innate defence system intersect the origin of genetic biodiversity, cell-cell, cell-cytokines, cell-lectins, cell-matrix interactions, appearing as a product of cells and genetic markers for self recognition that grow with molecules and mechanisms to identify and destroy non-self.
The program concerns with immunoreactivity of urochordates(ascidians)a phylogenetic key group which belongs to the basal Chordata lineage and includes solitary or colonial species sharing the presence of notochord and neural tube during the larval stage. Molecular phylogeny supports that urochordates are a monophyletic arm branching from the deuterostome evolutionary line close to vertebrates with which share genes and molecules involved in innate immunity. The phylogenetic position justify the growing interest for ascidian immunobiology and offer the advantage of their genome and developmental strategies knowledge, in order to conjugate studies of protein expression and gene regulation. Since inflammatory responses are considered ancestors of the immunity we are interested in comparing the dynamic of their complex gene system by analysing genes as well as molecular and cellular events.Two ascidian species, different in lifecycle and belonging to distinct clades, emerged as model organisms for immunobiology studies. Phlebobranch solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis known for the complete genome sequence and numerous hemocytes EST, while inflammatory responses have been studied >>>

Principal Investigator
Nicolo' Parrinello Università degli Studi di PALERMO
Research Objectives
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky 1973). Nowadays this sentence is supported by the knowledge on the genoma stability and “evolutivity” that amplify its meaning, and drives in studying both gene families, gene expression, protein functions and multifunctional protein structures. Therefore gene sequences and expression pattern require to be examined in a functional view. When this approach is applied to proper animal models significant aspects of molecular phylogenesis could be clarified including preserved or innovative molecules and mechanisms. In invertebrate the innate defence system intersect the origin, achievement and maintenance of genetic biodiversity. The origin and evolution of the innate immunity, including cell-cell, cell-cytokines, cell-lectins, cell-matrix interactions, appear to be the product of cells and genetic markers for self recognition that grow with molecules and mechanisms to identify and destroy non-self. To study evolution of immune system it is useful to compare gene expression, protein pattern and activity in stimulated cells and tissues of a phylogenetic key group.
We study the immunoreactivity of urochordates/tunicates, filter feeding marine animals which belong to the basal Chordata lineage and include sessil or planktonic, solitary or colonial, sexually or asexually reproducing animals, sharing the presence of notochord and neural tube only during the larval stage. Recent studies on molecular >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
Ascidiacea (Tunicata) such as Ciona intestinalis and Botryllus schlosseri, have been used long before as model organisms in embryology and developmental biology studies, in fact the basic body morphogenetic plan is superimposable between ascidians and vertebrates. Recently, interest in such organisms has increased notably shifting toward the field of comparative genomics. Preliminary tunicate genome data have shown high gene density and low gene number (Seo et al. 2001)in accordance with the small gene families and low genetic redundancy predicted by the hypothesis of a primitive non-duplicated chordate genome.
Among the known Ciona genes, those of the immune system revealed omologies and paradoxa. Tunicates, like the other invertebrates, exhibit the capacity of cell mediated and humoral immunity (cfr. Parrinello 1995; Raftos 1996;Parrinello & Cooper 1994; Ballarin et al. 2000). In conformity with mammalian hystocompatibility law, specificity and immunological memory are properties of Styela plicata allorejection, and specific receptors may be directed to histocompatibility antigens codified by a single locus with six alleles. The allorejection response includes several inflammatory effector cells probably originated by stem cells in hemopoietic nodules, that could be responsible of histoincompatibility (cfr Parrinello 1996). In C.intestinalis, morpho-functional studies revealed components of inflammatory response following intra-tunic injection of foreign >>>