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INIZIO_TESTO_DA_INDICIZZARE

RESEARCH PROGRAM

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Research Units
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Scientific and education field classification
International Patent Classification
  • HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • PHYSICS
    • MEASURING (counting G06M); TESTING
      • GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS (detecting or locating foreign bodies for diagnostic, surgical or person-identification purposes A61B; means for indicating the location of accidentally buried, e.g. snow-buried persons A63B29/02; investigating or analysing earth materials by determining their chemical or physical properties G01N; measuring electric or magnetic variables in general, other than direction or magnitude of the earth\'s field G01R; electronic or nuclear magnetic resonance arrangements G01R33/20; radar, sonar or analogous methods in general, detecting masses or objects involving these methods G01S)
      • INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (separating components of materials in general B01D, B01J, B03, B07; apparatus fully provided for in a single other subclass, see the relevant subclass e.g. B01L; measuring or testing processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or micro-organisms C12M, C12Q; investigation of foundation soil in situ E02D1/00; sensing humidity changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in humidity, see G01D or the relevant subclass for the variable measured; testing or determining the properties of structures G01M; measuring or investigating electric or magnetic properties of materials G01R; systems or methods in general, using reception or emission of radiowaves or other waves and based on propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, direction of propagation, G01S; determining sensivity, graininess, or density of photographic materials G03C5/02; testing component parts of nuclear reactors G21C17/00; [N: controlling or regulating non-electric variables G05D; measuring degree of ionisation of ionised gases, i.e. plasma H05H1/00A; testing electrographic developer properties G03G15/08H6])
      • MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRA-RED, VISIBLE OR ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY (light sources F21, H01J, H01K, H05B; investigating properties of materials by optical means G01N)
Geographical classification
Bibliografia
Bacci M., Casini A., Cucci C., Muzzi A., Porcinai S., “A study on a set of drawings by Parmigianino: integration of art-historical analysis with imaging spectroscopy”, Journal of Cultural Heritage 6 (4): 329-336 (2005)

Balas C., Papadakis V., Papadakis N., Papadakis A., Vazgiouraki E., Themelis, G. “A novel hyper-spectral imaging apparatus for the non-destructive analysis of objects of artistic and historic value”, J. Cult. Heritage 4, 330s-337s (2003)

Cappitelli F., Abbruscato P., Zanardini E., Ranalli G., Realini M., Sorlini C. 2003. The EU funded project “Bioremediation for Building Restoration of the Urban Stone Heritage in European States (BIOBRUSH)”. Proc. International Workshop on Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage, Siviglia, 1-3/12/2003: pp. 53-54.

Cappitelli F., Zanardini E., Ranalli G., Mello E., Daffonchio D., Sorlini C. 2006, in stampa. "Improved methodology for bioremoval of black crusts on historical stone artworks by use of sulfate-reducing bacteria", Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

Casadio F., Toniolo L., “The analysis of polychrome works of art: 40 years of infrared spectroscopic investigations,” J. Cult. Heritage 2, 71-78 (2001).

Comelli D., D'Andrea C., Valentini G., Cubeddu R., Toniolo L., Colombo C., “Fluorescence lifetime imaging and spectroscopy as tools for nondestructive analysis of works of art”, Applied optics 43 (10): 2175-2183 (2004)

Comelli D., Valentini G., Cubeddu R., Toniolo L., “Fluorescence lifetime imaging and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of Michelangelo's David”, Applied Spectroscopy 59 (9): 1174-1181 (2005)

Cubeddu R., Comelli D., D’Andrea C., Taroni P. and Valentini G., ”Time-resolved fluorescence imaging in biology and medicine,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, R61-R76 (2002).
Danilia S., Sotiropoulou S., Bikiaris D., Salpistis C., Karagiannis G., Chryssoulakis Y., Price B. A., Carlson J. H., “Panselinos’ Byzantine wall paintings in the Protaton Church, Mount Athos, Greece: a technical examination,” J. Cult. Heritage 1, 91–110 (2000).

Daffonchio D., Borin S., Zanardini E., Abbruscato P., Realini M., Urzì C., Sorlini C. 2000. Molecular tools for the detection and the analysis of the diversity of bacteria on deteriorated stonework. In: Of Microbes and Art: the role of microbial communities in the degradation and protection of cultural heritage. O. Ciferri, P. Tiano and G. Mastromei (Eds.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub. Company, New York, pp.21-38.

Fiorini C., Longoni A., “In-situ, non-destructive identification of chemical elements by means of portable EDXRF spectrometer”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 46 (6): 2011-2016 Part 2 DEC 1999

Gauri, L. K., Chowdhury, A.N., Kulshreshtha, N.P., Punuru, A.R. 1989. The sulphation of marble and the treatment of gypsum crust. Studies in Conservation, 34: 201-206.

Gauri, L. K., Parks, L., Jaynes, J., Atlas, R. 1992. Removal of sulphated-crust from marble using sulphate-reducing bacteria. In: Proceedings of The International Conference on "Stone cleaning and the nature, soiling and decay mechanisms of stone", Webster R.G.M. (Ed.), Donheadd, Edinburgh, U.K. 14-16 April, pp. 160-165.

Heselmeyer, K., Fischer, U., Krumbein, W.E., Warsheid, T. 1991. Application of Desulfovibrio vulgaris for the bioconversion of rock gypsum crusts into calcite. BIOforum 1/2: 89.

Lakowicz J. R., “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy”, second edition, (Kluwer Academic, New York, 1999).

Morris H. R., Hoyt C.C., Treado P. J., “Imaging spectrometers for fluorescence and Raman microscopy- acoustooptic and liquid-crystal tunable filters”, Applied Spectroscopy 48 (7): 857-866 (1994)

Ranalli, G., Zanardini, E., Sorlini, C. 1997. The use of microorganisms for the removal of sulphates on artistic stoneworks. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 40 (2-4), 255-261.

Ranalli, G., Matteini, M., Tosini, I., Zanardini, E., Sorlini C. 2000. Bioremediation of cultural heritage: removal of sulphates, nitrates and organic substances. ICM, Firenze In: Of Microbes and Art. The role of Microbial Communities in the degradation and protection of cultural heritage. Ciferri O., Tiano P., Mastromei G. eds. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 231-245.

Ranalli G., Alfano G., Belli C., Lustrato G., Colombini M. P., Bonaduce I., Zanardini E., Abbruscato P., Cappitelli F., Sorlini C. 2005. Biotechnology applied to cultural heritage: biorestoration of frescoes using viable bacterial cells and enzymes, Journal of Applied Microbiology 98, 73-83.

Rant J., Milic Z., Istenic J., Knific T., Lengar I., Rant A., “Neutron radiography examination of objects belonging to the cultural heritage”, Applied Radiation and isotopes 64 (1): 7-12 JAN 2006.

Sorlini C., Zanardini E., Ranalli G. 2003a. Biorestauro degli affreschi del Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa. Disinfestazione & Igiene Ambientale, suppl. 5, 1-4.

Sorlini C., Zanardini E., Cappitelli F., Abbruscato P., Zangrossi M., Realini M., Ranalli G., May E., Inkpen R., Webster A., Vicente D., Mottershead D., Kuever J., Rudolph C., Peterschewsky J., Gärtner M., Büsselmann P., Ilse I., Krage L., Vitina I., Sidraba I., Igaune S., Aide R., Vgenopolous A., Katsinis D., Patra A.M., Papida S., Mello E., Gianferri R., La Russa M.F., Marsala F., Giangiulio E. 2003b. Il progetto finanziato europeo “Bioremediation for Building Restoration of the Urban Stone Heritage in European States (BIOBRUSH)”. Proc. Convegno Biologia e beni culturali 22-23/9/2003, Villa Gallia, Como: pp. 30.

Zanardini, E., Abbruscato, P., Ghedini, N., Realini, M., Sorlini, C. 2000. Influence of atmospheric pollutants on the biodeterioration of stone. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 45: 35-42.

Zanardini E., Cappitelli F., Abbruscato P., Ranalli G., Sorlini C. 2003. Selection of biological agents with bioremedial activity on stones in Historic Cities. Proc. VII International Symposium Organisation world heritage cities, Rodi, 23-26/9/2003, paper 86.
Keywords
BIOTECHNOLOGIES, MICROROGANISMS, BIOCLEANING, NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, FLUORESCENCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY, REFLECTANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY, CULTURAL HERITAGE, STONE OBJECTS AND FRESCOES

Microbial biothecnologies for the cleaning of remarkable stone artworks and frescoes: evaluation of their effectiveness and comparison with traditional cleaning methods

Università degli Studi di Milano
Abstract
The Italian outstanding artistic and architectonical cultural heritage suffers from chemical, physical and biological damage in particular if artistic objects are located outdoors. Objects like stones show different alterations such as incrustations, crusts, disgregations, powdering etc. due to the formation of salts, sufates and nitrates and the presence of organic matter. The gaseous pollutants SO2 e NOx cause the transformation of calcium carbonate into calcium sulfate dehydrate or gypsum and calcium nitrate respectively, processes known as sulfatation and nitration. The presence of organic matter is due to previous conservation treatments and to deposition of organic pollutants. During the crystallisation of gypsum and nitrates, the carbonaceous particles produced in various combustion systems are embedded in the mineral matrices causing the formation of black crusts. The nitration can also be caused by the capillary rise of saline water from the soil. Cleaning of these damages generally requires chemical and/or mechanical methods. These methods are not always entirely satisfactory as either not entirely efficient or invasive. In recent years a new cleaning method employing microorganisms was proposed. The microorganims and the carriers to deliver them have already been selected and tested successfully under laboratory conditions. In the case of immovable objects, as the objects and monuments taken into consideration in this project, including the Renaissance frescoes at >>>

Principal Investigator
Claudia Sorlini Università degli Studi di MILANO
Research Objectives
This project is aimed at defining and optimizing the biotechniological protocols for cleaning stone artworks and mural paintings in situ. These cleaning techniques are based on the use of selected non pathogen viable microrganisms and on the use of dedicated carriers capable of conveying microrganism. Microbial cleaning techniques have been already successfully applied in laboratory. In this research project we are interested at evaluating their effectiveness directly in situ on still manufacts and objects of high artistic value. In particular, two study cases will be considered in this project: the Renaissance frescoes located on the walls of Melegnano Castle and the Milano Cathedral marble surfaces decorated with low relieves. These artistic surfaces are characterized by the presence of evident alterations, as incrustations, black crusts and desegregations, which can be ascribed to the presence of salts, sulfates, nitrates and organic matter.
Microbial cleaning methods will be compared with traditional ones (based on chemical methods), in order to understand when biotechnological protocols are more effective and less invasive for the works of art. The effectiveness of cleaning tests will be monitored during time with diagnostic spectroscopy techniques: in particular, we will consider non destructive imaging techniques, as UV fluorescence imaging and diffuse reflectance imaging, which are capable of providing information on the status of conservation of wide surfaces >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
The idea to use whole viable cells in the field of conservation and cleaning came from the observation that only few microorganisms have negative role in the natural processes (pathogens), whilst the majority of them is responsible of “virtuous” processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, wastewater treatment, etc. In the field of conservation, the use of microorganisms is an interesting alternative to traditional solvents or other aggressive methods; in this alternative method microorganisms are cleaning agents of artworks. These microorganisms reproduce the same biological processes occurring in nature at optimal and fixed conditions; consequently, when it is possible to apply it, this technology is softer and safer for the environment.
For this reason, it is thought to develop and apply this technology for the cleaning of monuments, frescoes and altered sculptures.
Up until now in literature sulfate and nitrate reducers bacteria are the only microorganisms use for the removal of undesirable compounds (organic matter, crusts and mineral salts) from works of art: in anoxic conditions such bacteria are able to transform sulfate to hydrogen sulfide and nitrate to molecular nitrogen, which are both gases. Preliminary studies report the partial cleaning of black crusts after a Desulfovibrio desulfuricans application on movable objects, like marble statue (Gauri et al, 1989; Heselmeyer et al., 1991; Gauri et al., 1992; Cappitelli et al., 2006). The same authors >>>