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Bibliografia
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Keywords
TOURISM, COMMUNITY, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, AFRICA

Tourism,community and local development in Africa.

Università degli Studi di Genova
Abstract
Within the problematic relationship between the North and the South of the world, this research aims at focusing on the opportunities of tourism as a factor of sustainable development in Africa. In fact, in market terms, Africa accounts globally only for 3.9% of visitors and for 2% of the tourism income, percentages, these ones, that are absolutely limited, and what’s more, with a strong concentration factor only in some countries: three Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco) and two sub-Saharan countries (Zimbabwe and South Africa). The possibilities of development of the continent, which are much promising, because of the variety, the singularity and the competitiveness of the real or potential tourism attractions available, could grow both with the increase of the tourism activity and with its territorial spreading. On these issues are based the reflections concerning the new typologies of tourism activity that, apart from economy in the strict sense of the term, refer to ethics, responsibility and sustainability. It’s necessary to understand which kind of tourism is possible to propose for the future non only for Africa in general, but also for the development of the African local communities, a source of income that must be local in the largest part. To this purpose, after considering some local systems, in the second phase of the programme joint multidisciplinary researches will be undertaken by all the RU, in order to draft, in synergy with local >>>

Principal Investigator
Luisa Faldini Università degli Studi di GENOVA
Research Objectives
This research programme aims at elaborating, through a specific path and in partnership with the institutions and the local communities of some African countries, models of sustainable tourism, suitable for the local context and capable of immediate utilization within projects of high, medium and low investment. This objective will be pursued through the following phases:
Phase 1:
On the basis of surveys carried out previously and concerning the whole African continent, geographical areas and thematic fields have been identified, on which the analysis and the fieldworks of the Research Units (RU) will be concentrated.
- Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco) and Libya (RU of Genova, Pisa and Perugia);
- West Africa countries: Mali, Benin, Senegal (RU of Genova);
- East Africa countries: Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania (RU of Pisa and Perugia);
- South Africa countries: Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa (RU of Bologna).
The fieldworks carried out by the RU will be developed towards two thematic directions:
1) Evaluation and investigation of the local choices concerning tourism;
2) In areas that are not concerned by tourism, or marginal from a tourist point of view, collection of data aimed at elaborating, even for the poorest areas, a tourism model that can be ecologically bearable, with remarkable benefits for the local population, together with the lowest impact on environment.
In other words >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
From the Sixties the tourist industry has reached considerable dimensions, the number of international tourists has increased, making global travel a common phenomenon. The great economic potentialities of tourism, for both the countries in the South and the West, are evidenced by the extent of the sector and the great profits derived from the high number of tourists (Colombo 2005:8).
According to the forecasts made by The World Tourism Organization, the tourism industry will have an increase of hundred percent within 2020. While on the one hand, the economic sciences are able to elaborate strategies and forecast some of the possible outcomes of this growing phenomenon, on the other hand it is the task of the human sciences to analyse the impacts that a significant increase of tourism might have on the socio-cultural order of the host countries.
The development of tourism has resulted in significant economic transformations in the countries involved. However, the increase of wealth has not been homogenous. The differences in income between people involved in tourism and those who are not have increased, sharpening the economic gap between individuals as well as between countries. In addition to the economic changes, there are the social transformations, both positive and negative.
The negative effects of mass tourism are gradually being emphasised, in addition to its potentialities. Hence, there are opposite valuations on tourism which oscillate from >>>