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Keywords
IMMIGRATION, IDENTITY, YOUTH, SECOND GENERATION, MULTICULTURALISM, TRANSNATIONALISM, FAMILY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, GENDER

Second-generation youths in Italy: values, group-identifications, consumptions, projects. A confrontation on the inclusion/exclusion paths of the "new second generation" among different theoretical perspectives.

Università degli Studi di Milano
Abstract
The research aims to investigate the Italian second-generation youths – within the age bracket 16-22 – who are attending secondary schools. Our goals, besides an accurate picture of their condition, consist in knowing how some variables, the most recent and relevant sociological theories about second-generation patterns of inclusion/exclusion (i.e. segmented assimilation perspective, transnationalism, and cosmopolitism) underline as relevant, are influencing the Italian situation.
We want to verify to what extent, if at all, the interpretive patterns developed to analyse a “fordist” context of immigration, can be useful to understand second-generation youths’ paths of inclusion in the Italian immigration context, that can be called “Mediterranean” or “post-modern”. More specifically, we want to investigate if the conditions segmented assimilation theory and transnationalism consider relevant for a successful inclusion (i.e. a strong and well differentiated ethnic network, a stable family with high social capital, fluent bilingualism, thick ethnic relationships) are affecting the inclusion paths of Italian second-generation youths. Or, if this context is instead more influenced by new cosmopolitan perspectives, which underline a contextual and instrumental use of difference, and transform difference in a valuable resource for the inclusion and the realisation of one’s projects. If this is the case, it will be relevant to investigate when the instrumental use of >>>

Principal Investigator
Enzo Colombo Università degli Studi di MILANO
Research Objectives
Italy became a country of immigration only at the end of the seventies, when the determinants and the forms of migration was undertaking deep changes (Castles 2002, Faist 2000, Papastergiadis 2000). Other western countries – United States, France, Germany, Great Britain, The Nederland, and Belgium among others – experienced migratory processes during their industrial growing. This fact privileged migration fluxes that could be called “fordist” (Ambrosini 2005, Zanfrini 2004), i.e. flux quite completely connected with the problems of the formation of the industrial working class and the development of an industrial society. This specific form of migration has been often interpreted by two prevalent paradigms. On one side, a settling pattern, where immigrants gradually assimilate into economics and social relations of the host country, recompose their families or create new ones and enter the autochthonous middle class. On the other side, a temporary migration pattern, where immigrant workers stay into the host society only for a limited period of time, they maintain strong ties with their native countries and come back to them when their economic goals are achieved.
Globalisation processes and economic transformations question these patterns. The multiplication of people, ideas, goods fluxes (Appadurai 1991), the spreading availability of cheap transports, and the inclusion into a post-fordist economic system of production, based on services sector, flexible work >>>

Timescale
24 months
National and international background
The fate of the second-generation youths represents one of the most important directions of research of migration studies. Since the second half of the past century, the optimistic idea of a linear and simple inclusion of second-generation youths has set aside for more articulated analysis (Piore 1979, Gans 1992). The assimilation path, which was previously seen as a straight line, revealed to be a bumpy line, whit uncertain results. During the seventies and the eighties, the adverse economic conjuncture evidences the incompleteness and the instability of any assimilation and acculturation process. Second and third-generation youths, don’t leave their “ethnic” differences and don’t disappear; on the contrary, they keep alive and rise again in new forms (Gans 1979). Their assimilation can be a failure, creating new forms of marginality and instability.
Recent sociological studies seem interested in a deep rereading of the children of migrants inclusion paths, collocating them in a more articulated context of segmented assimilation (Portes, Rumbaut, Zhou) or transnationalism (Vertovec, Levitt, Waters). In these new approaches, the familiar pattern and its transformation become the central and determinant factors for success or failure. The research we propose aims to contribute to the most recent sociological debate, on one side, reporting how the globalisation processes and the diffusion of transnational families are changing the structure of family and the >>>